what factors led to the growth of towns during the high middle ages
- Introduction
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- Paleolithic settlement
- Earliest developments
- Upper Paleolithic developments
- Mesolithic adaptations
- The Neolithic Period
- The adoption of farming
- The tardily Neolithic Menstruation
- Agronomical intensification
- Social change
- The Indo-Europeans
- Paleolithic settlement
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- The chronology of the Metal Ages
- General characteristics
- The Copper Historic period
- The Bronze Age
- The Iron Age
- Social and economical developments
- Control over resources
- Changing centres of wealth
- Prestige and condition
- The human relationship between nature and culture
- Rituals, religion, and art
- The people of the Metal Ages
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- Greeks
- Romans
- Barbaric migrations and invasions
- The Germans and Huns
- The reconfiguration of the empire
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- The idea of the Eye Ages
- The term and concept before the 18th century
- Enlightenment scorn and Romantic admiration
- The Heart Ages in modernistic historiography
- Chronology
- Tardily artifact: the reconfiguration of the Roman world
- The arrangement of late imperial Christianity
- Kings and peoples
- The corking commission
- The bishops of Rome
- The Mediterranean earth divided
- The Frankish clout
- The Merovingian dynasty
- Charlemagne and the Carolingian dynasty
- Carolingian decline and its consequences
- Growth and innovation
- Demographic and agricultural growth
- Technological innovations
- Urban growth
- Reform and renewal
- The consequences of reform
- The transformation of idea and learning
- The construction of ecclesiastical and devotional life
- Ecclesiastical organization
- Devotional life
- From persuasion to coercion: The emergence of a new ecclesiastical discipline
- Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies
- The role and person of the king
- Instruments of majestic governance
- The iii orders
- Crisis, recovery, and resilience: Did the Middle Ages stop?
- The idea of the Eye Ages
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- The Italian Renaissance
- Urban growth
- Wars of expansion
- Italian humanism
- Growth of literacy
- Language and eloquence
- The humanities
- Classical scholarship
- Arts and letters
- Renaissance thought
- The northern Renaissance
- Political, economic, and social background
- Northern humanism
- Christian mystics
- The growth of vernacular literature
- Renaissance science and technology
- The Italian Renaissance
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- Economy and club
- The economic background
- Demographics
- Trade and the "Atlantic revolution"
- Prices and inflation
- Landlords and peasants
- Protoindustrialization
- Growth of banking and finance
- Political and cultural influences on the economy
- Aspects of early modern gild
- Politics and diplomacy
- The state of European politics
- Discovery of the New World
- Nation-states and dynastic rivalries
- Turkey and eastern Europe
- Reformation and Counter-Reformation
- Diplomacy in the age of the Reformation
- The Wars of Religion
- The 30 Years' State of war
- The crisis in Germany
- The crisis in the Habsburg lands
- The triumph of the Catholics, 1619–29
- The crisis of the state of war, 1629–35
- The European state of war in Germany, 1635–45
- Making peace, 1645–48
- Problems not solved by the war
- Problems solved by the war
- The state of European politics
- Economy and club
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- Guild from disorder
- The human condition
- Population
- Climate
- State of war
- Health and sickness
- Poverty
- The arrangement of club
- Corporate society
- Nobles and gentlemen
- The bourgeoisie
- The peasantry
- The economical environment
- Innovation and evolution
- Early on capitalism
- The erstwhile industrial order
- Authoritarianism
- Sovereigns and estates
- Major forms of absolutism
- France
- The empire
- Prussia
- Variations on the absolutist theme
- Sweden
- Denmark
- Spain
- Portugal
- Britain
- Holland
- Russian federation
- The Enlightenment
- Sources of Enlightenment thought
- The function of science and mathematics
- The influence of Locke
- The proto-Enlightenment
- History and social idea
- The language of the Enlightenment
- Homo and society
- The Encyclopédie
- Rousseau and his followers
- The Aufklärung
- The Enlightenment throughout Europe
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- The Industrial Revolution
- Economic effects
- Social upheaval
- The historic period of revolution
- The French Revolution
- The Napoleonic era
- The bourgeois reaction
- The Revolutions of 1848
- Romanticism and Realism
- The legacy of the French Revolution
- Cultural nationalism
- Simplicity and truth
- Populism
- Nature of the changes
- Napoleon's influence
- Full general graphic symbol of the Romantic motion
- Romanticism in literature and the arts
- Drama
- Painting
- Sculpture and architecture
- Music
- Cocky-analysis
- The legacy of the French Revolution
- Early 19th-century social and political thought
- Postrevolutionary thinking
- The principle of development
- Science
- Early 19th-century philosophy
- Kant
- Kant's disciples
- Organized religion and its alternatives
- Scientific positivism
- The cult of art
- The centre 19th century
- Realism and Realpolitik
- Scientific materialism
- Victorian morality
- The advance of democracy
- Realism in the arts and philosophy
- Literature
- Painting and sculpture
- Pop art
- Music
- Summary
- A maturing industrial society
- The "2d industrial revolution"
- Modifications in social structure
- The rise of organized labour and mass protests
- Conditions in eastern Europe
- The emergence of the industrial state
- Political patterns
- Changes in authorities functions
- Reform and reaction in eastern Europe
- Diplomatic entanglements
- The scramble for colonies
- Prewar affairs
- Modern culture
- Symbolism and Impressionism
- Aestheticism
- Naturalism
- The new century
- Craft motility
- New trends in technology and science
- The social sciences
- Reexamination of the universe
- The prewar period
- The Industrial Revolution
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- The Great State of war and its aftermath
- The daze of Earth State of war I
- The mood of Versailles
- The interwar years
- Hopes in Geneva
- The lottery in Weimar
- The affect of the slump
- The trappings of dictatorship
- The phony peace
- The blast of World War 2
- Postwar Europe
- Planning the peace
- The United States to the rescue
- A climate of fear
- Affluence and its underside
- The reflux of empire
- Ever closer marriage?
- The Great State of war and its aftermath
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Growth-and-innovation
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